{"id":4292,"date":"2018-07-19T17:19:28","date_gmt":"2018-07-19T15:19:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dnpt.lvit.dev\/?page_id=4292"},"modified":"2025-04-16T09:35:43","modified_gmt":"2025-04-16T07:35:43","slug":"peltier-technology","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/dr.neumann-peltier.de\/en\/about-us\/peltier-technology","title":{"rendered":"Peltier-Technology"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-3fz8h-e51127d9172f3c2c17f71fc209a3ba11\">\n.avia-section.av-3fz8h-e51127d9172f3c2c17f71fc209a3ba11{\nbackground-repeat:no-repeat;\nbackground-image:url(https:\/\/dr.neumann-peltier.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/produktseite-background-header.png);\nbackground-position:100% 100%;\nbackground-attachment:scroll;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_1'  class='avia-section av-3fz8h-e51127d9172f3c2c17f71fc209a3ba11 main_color avia-section-no-padding avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_section  avia-builder-el-first  avia-full-stretch avia-bg-style-scroll av-minimum-height av-minimum-height-50 av-height-50  container_wrap fullsize'  data-section-bg-repeat='stretch' data-av_minimum_height_pc='50' data-av_min_height_opt='50'><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><main  role=\"main\" itemprop=\"mainContentOfPage\"  class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-4292'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kceq3bc0-303f96e283d2b97727ecc00c748cb8ef\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-kceq3bc0-303f96e283d2b97727ecc00c748cb8ef{\nheight:50px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-kceq3bc0-303f96e283d2b97727ecc00c748cb8ef hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-1  el_before_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-first '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div class='flex_column_table av-57a0l-e0975f2242712d35a4b77a57eea7d2db sc-av_one_half av-equal-height-column-flextable'>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-57a0l-e0975f2242712d35a4b77a57eea7d2db\">\n.flex_column.av-57a0l-e0975f2242712d35a4b77a57eea7d2db{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-57a0l-e0975f2242712d35a4b77a57eea7d2db av_one_half  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_one_half  first flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-middle av-zero-column-padding  '     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-khlwb40z-58f5b5b5a4f80d667d54c5a91945577e\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-khlwb40z-58f5b5b5a4f80d667d54c5a91945577e{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-khlwb40z-58f5b5b5a4f80d667d54c5a91945577e .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-khlwb40z-58f5b5b5a4f80d667d54c5a91945577e .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-khlwb40z-58f5b5b5a4f80d667d54c5a91945577e av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-3  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Peltier-Technology<\/h1><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class='av-flex-placeholder'><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-57a0l-d824adc61137324814503a26e03a6f82\">\n.flex_column.av-57a0l-d824adc61137324814503a26e03a6f82{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  id=\"parallax\"  class='flex_column av-57a0l-d824adc61137324814503a26e03a6f82 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-last  flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-middle av-zero-column-padding  '     ><\/div><\/div><!--close column table wrapper. Autoclose: 1 -->\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/main><!-- close content main element --><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kd5xp5ic-c6b12215e747ea34313b91b9a8fa620c\">\n.avia-section.av-kd5xp5ic-c6b12215e747ea34313b91b9a8fa620c{\nbackground-color:#f1f0f5;\nbackground-image:unset;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_2'  class='avia-section av-kd5xp5ic-c6b12215e747ea34313b91b9a8fa620c main_color avia-section-small avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-5  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_section  avia-bg-style-scroll container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-4292'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kcbkly27-65560d2a0c47f31848c3d638b16ec541\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-kcbkly27-65560d2a0c47f31848c3d638b16ec541{\nheight:10px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-kcbkly27-65560d2a0c47f31848c3d638b16ec541 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-6  el_before_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-first '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div class='flex_column_table av-kbuytcvr-e12850762a5ffa83f181ade5f8b4e9bc sc-av_one_half av-equal-height-column-flextable shadow-not-animated'>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kbuytcvr-e12850762a5ffa83f181ade5f8b4e9bc\">\n@keyframes av_boxShadowEffect_av-kbuytcvr-e12850762a5ffa83f181ade5f8b4e9bc-row {\n0%   { box-shadow:  0 0 0 0 rgba(10,10,10,0.17); opacity: 1; }\n100% { box-shadow:  0 0 10px 0 rgba(10,10,10,0.17); opacity: 1; }\n}\n.flex_column_table.av-equal-height-column-flextable.av-kbuytcvr-e12850762a5ffa83f181ade5f8b4e9bc{\nbox-shadow: 0 0 10px 0 rgba(10,10,10,0.17);\n}\n.flex_column.av-kbuytcvr-e12850762a5ffa83f181ade5f8b4e9bc{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:30px 30px 30px 30px;\nbackground-color:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-kbuytcvr-e12850762a5ffa83f181ade5f8b4e9bc av_one_half  avia-builder-el-7  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_one_half  first no_margin flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-middle  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-khlwbmtp-ca9d25a87a445fafbfca6439477462f3\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-khlwbmtp-ca9d25a87a445fafbfca6439477462f3{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-khlwbmtp-ca9d25a87a445fafbfca6439477462f3 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-khlwbmtp-ca9d25a87a445fafbfca6439477462f3 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-khlwbmtp-ca9d25a87a445fafbfca6439477462f3 av-special-heading-h2 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-8  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >How does Peltier technology work?<\/h2><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>The Peltier Effect<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-1j8md-56087c3478f2ea8fb5676c11ea8abd08 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><div class=\"av-flex-placeholder\">The Peltier Effect, named after Jean Peltier, is based on the knowledge that a current flow applied to semiconductors arranged in a certain sequence creates a temperature gradient. A so-called Peltier module can therefore act as a heat pump by applying an electrical voltage. The reverse effect, after an electrical current flow is generated by the use of a temperature gradient, is called the Seebeck effect.<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kbuytcvr-879edf0f08577eabdf31911ca5aa74a9\">\n.flex_column.av-kbuytcvr-879edf0f08577eabdf31911ca5aa74a9{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:30px 30px 30px 30px;\nbackground-color:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-kbuytcvr-879edf0f08577eabdf31911ca5aa74a9 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-10  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_hr  no_margin flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-middle  '     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-2di3v8-2535a548c562275a423f04372cd884fb\">\n.avia-image-container.av-2di3v8-2535a548c562275a423f04372cd884fb img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-2di3v8-2535a548c562275a423f04372cd884fb .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-2di3v8-2535a548c562275a423f04372cd884fb av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-11  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-4870 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-4870 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/dr.neumann-peltier.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Rendering-Peltier-Verschaltung-1030x579.png\" alt='Peltier-Anordnung' title='Rendering Peltier-Verschaltung'  height=\"579\" width=\"1030\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dr.neumann-peltier.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Rendering-Peltier-Verschaltung-1030x579.png 1030w, https:\/\/dr.neumann-peltier.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Rendering-Peltier-Verschaltung-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/dr.neumann-peltier.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Rendering-Peltier-Verschaltung-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/dr.neumann-peltier.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Rendering-Peltier-Verschaltung-1500x844.png 1500w, https:\/\/dr.neumann-peltier.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Rendering-Peltier-Verschaltung-705x397.png 705w, https:\/\/dr.neumann-peltier.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Rendering-Peltier-Verschaltung-600x338.png 600w, https:\/\/dr.neumann-peltier.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Rendering-Peltier-Verschaltung.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><!--close column table wrapper. Autoclose: 1 -->\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kcbkly27-521352a7637f803e4afe070349e4e341\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-kcbkly27-521352a7637f803e4afe070349e4e341{\nheight:30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-kcbkly27-521352a7637f803e4afe070349e4e341 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-12  el_after_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-last '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div><div id='av_section_3'  class='avia-section av-dv2yk-e75cb6bd74a8e99565e9686fcae550d2 main_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-13  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_section  avia-bg-style-scroll container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-4292'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1uhwp0-47fe65bd83216ecea38035ad7e005e86\">\n.flex_column.av-1uhwp0-47fe65bd83216ecea38035ad7e005e86{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-1uhwp0-47fe65bd83216ecea38035ad7e005e86 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-14  el_before_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-5qsskk-f3b16429963f15670e036f168a8f8306\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-5qsskk-f3b16429963f15670e036f168a8f8306{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-5qsskk-f3b16429963f15670e036f168a8f8306 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-5qsskk-f3b16429963f15670e036f168a8f8306 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-5qsskk-f3b16429963f15670e036f168a8f8306 av-special-heading-h2 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-15  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >What are the advantages of cooling with Peltier modules?<\/h2><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-sf4p8-2bf883124b114d2615d081638b1af2eb\">\n.flex_column.av-sf4p8-2bf883124b114d2615d081638b1af2eb{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-sf4p8-2bf883124b114d2615d081638b1af2eb av_one_half  avia-builder-el-16  el_after_av_one_full  el_before_av_one_half  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-3wd8w4-09bea479f64c806091f2c4b21ade9ad9\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-3wd8w4-09bea479f64c806091f2c4b21ade9ad9{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-3wd8w4-09bea479f64c806091f2c4b21ade9ad9 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-3wd8w4-09bea479f64c806091f2c4b21ade9ad9 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-3wd8w4-09bea479f64c806091f2c4b21ade9ad9 av-special-heading-h3 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-17  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >What are the differences and similarities to conventional compressor systems?<\/h3><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kepg-a82faf766bbd0a70ed3ad35bfbec33d4 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>In both cooling systems a heat flow takes place from a cold to a warm reservoir.<\/p>\n<p>In the compressor system, the heat is transported by a gas, which subsequently condenses.<\/p>\n<p>In the Peltier cooler, the electric current corresponds to the cooling liquid of the compressor, the DC voltage source corresponds to the compressor.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-h43x8-de1107bda3d3d24c515c95fb43646c8e\">\n.flex_column.av-h43x8-de1107bda3d3d24c515c95fb43646c8e{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-h43x8-de1107bda3d3d24c515c95fb43646c8e av_one_half  avia-builder-el-19  el_after_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-last  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-35v11g-85b08272171f855ce29639df07623fdb\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-35v11g-85b08272171f855ce29639df07623fdb{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-35v11g-85b08272171f855ce29639df07623fdb .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-35v11g-85b08272171f855ce29639df07623fdb .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-35v11g-85b08272171f855ce29639df07623fdb av-special-heading-h3 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-20  el_before_av_iconlist  avia-builder-el-first '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >There are many applications that can only be solved with Peltier technology:<\/h3><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='avia-icon-list-container av-kg0wziv4-4c4323da668aa203771bc0dc8924324e  avia-builder-el-21  el_after_av_heading  avia-builder-el-last '><ul class='avia-icon-list avia_animate_when_almost_visible avia-icon-list-left av-iconlist-big av-kg0wziv4-4c4323da668aa203771bc0dc8924324e avia-iconlist-animate'>\n<li><div class='iconlist_icon av-a3zfzo-e6c4482d66571ef5c0d50d433b7f4cbf avia-font-entypo-fontello'><span class='iconlist-char' aria-hidden='true' data-av_icon='\ue875' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'><\/span><\/div><article class=\"article-icon-entry \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class=\"iconlist_content_wrap\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: Control Accuracy\"><h4 class='av_iconlist_title iconlist_title  '  itemprop=\"headline\" >Control Accuracy<\/h4><\/header><div class='iconlist_content '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Peltier devices are electrically controllable. This enables control accuracies to be achieved that are not possible with compressor cooling.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><div class=\"iconlist-timeline\"><\/div><\/li>\n<li><div class='iconlist_icon av-9hvmas-1d7e031ea3655c148bca94b4c0696e4a avia-font-entypo-fontello'><span class='iconlist-char' aria-hidden='true' data-av_icon='\ue875' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'><\/span><\/div><article class=\"article-icon-entry \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class=\"iconlist_content_wrap\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: Reversibility\"><h4 class='av_iconlist_title iconlist_title  '  itemprop=\"headline\" >Reversibility<\/h4><\/header><div class='iconlist_content '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Peltier elements are easily reversible. By simply reversing the polarity of the DC voltage, heat can be generated where cold was first generated and vice versa.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><div class=\"iconlist-timeline\"><\/div><\/li>\n<li><div class='iconlist_icon av-7qu11w-be23f00a4001db4124de52e0d30b2ed6 avia-font-entypo-fontello'><span class='iconlist-char' aria-hidden='true' data-av_icon='\ue875' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'><\/span><\/div><article class=\"article-icon-entry \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class=\"iconlist_content_wrap\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: Robustness\"><h4 class='av_iconlist_title iconlist_title  '  itemprop=\"headline\" >Robustness<\/h4><\/header><div class='iconlist_content '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Peltier coolers can work in the most adverse environmental conditions. e.g. at high ambient temperatures or heavily polluted ambient air, even vibrations and strong accelerations are no problem.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><div class=\"iconlist-timeline\"><\/div><\/li>\n<li><div class='iconlist_icon av-5lmblw-edb9bba686c599afccccb84d66192f8e avia-font-entypo-fontello'><span class='iconlist-char' aria-hidden='true' data-av_icon='\ue875' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'><\/span><\/div><article class=\"article-icon-entry \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class=\"iconlist_content_wrap\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Icon: Miniature Cooling\"><h4 class='av_iconlist_title iconlist_title  '  itemprop=\"headline\" >Miniature Cooling<\/h4><\/header><div class='iconlist_content '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Peltier coolers can provide precisely defined small cooling capacities.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><div 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Autoclose: 1 -->\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div><div id='av_section_5'  class='avia-section av-enxjg-117f31e19ecfedfc5079eaf1ca80df36 main_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-30  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_section  avia-bg-style-scroll container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-4292'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1uhwp0-47fe65bd83216ecea38035ad7e005e86\">\n.flex_column.av-1uhwp0-47fe65bd83216ecea38035ad7e005e86{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-1uhwp0-47fe65bd83216ecea38035ad7e005e86 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-31  el_before_av_one_full  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-khlwgk9c-928fc94bbc16f9c4b58799e8e09651ef\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-khlwgk9c-928fc94bbc16f9c4b58799e8e09651ef{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-khlwgk9c-928fc94bbc16f9c4b58799e8e09651ef .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-khlwgk9c-928fc94bbc16f9c4b58799e8e09651ef .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-khlwgk9c-928fc94bbc16f9c4b58799e8e09651ef av-special-heading-h2 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-32  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >The History of the Thermoelectric Effect<\/h2><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class='flex_column_table av-1gg4d0-aa48081a8e42837498f99aed498dff53 sc-av_one_full av-equal-height-column-flextable'>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1gg4d0-aa48081a8e42837498f99aed498dff53\">\n.flex_column.av-1gg4d0-aa48081a8e42837498f99aed498dff53{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-1gg4d0-aa48081a8e42837498f99aed498dff53 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-33  el_after_av_one_full  avia-builder-el-last  first flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-middle av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><div  id=\"avia-timeline-1\"  class='avia-timeline-container av-kg0xj820-917fa5b5d12b23bc4b93e7e244c71b7d av-slideshow-ui  avia-builder-el-34  avia-builder-el-no-sibling ' ><ul class='avia-timeline avia-timeline-vertical av-milestone-placement-alternate avia-timeline- avia_animate_when_almost_visible avia-timeline-animate'>\n<li  class='av-milestone av-46oot0-73288f268413e68d7b60120d9983d222 av-animated-generic fade-in av-milestone-valign-baseline av-milestone-odd'><h2 class='av-milestone-date ' id='milestone-1822' ><strong>1822<span class='av-milestone-indicator'><\/span><\/strong><\/h2><div class=\"av-milestone-icon-wrap\"><span class='av-milestone-icon milestone_icon'><span class='av-milestone-icon-inner milestone_inner'><span class='milestone_number'>1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div><article class='av-milestone-content-wrap'><div class='av-milestone-contentbox'><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Milestone: Seebeck Effect\"><h4 class='av-milestone-title '>Seebeck Effect<\/h4><\/header><div class='av-milestone-content'><p>Thomas Johann Seebeck observed the phenomenon named after him: If a closed conductor loop is formed from two different metallic conductors and there is a temperature difference between the two contact points of the two materials, a circular current flows in the conductor loop. Today&#8217;s thermocouples are demonstrative examples of this.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class='av-milestone-article-footer entry-footer'><\/footer><\/article><\/li>\n<li  class='av-milestone av-34ky38-cae6c7c534d32e9b137e5062eff079df av-animated-generic fade-in av-milestone-valign-baseline av-milestone-even'><h2 class='av-milestone-date ' id='milestone-1834' ><strong>1834<span class='av-milestone-indicator'><\/span><\/strong><\/h2><article class='av-milestone-content-wrap'><div class='av-milestone-contentbox'><header class=\"entry-content-header\" aria-label=\"Milestone: Peltier-Effect\"><h4 class='av-milestone-title '>Peltier-Effect<\/h4><\/header><div class='av-milestone-content'><p>Jean Charles Athanase Peltier discovered the opposite effect: under certain conditions, an electric current flow causes a temperature difference between two metallic conductors.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><footer class='av-milestone-article-footer entry-footer'><\/footer><\/article><div class=\"av-milestone-icon-wrap\"><span class='av-milestone-icon milestone_icon'><span class='av-milestone-icon-inner milestone_inner'><span class='milestone_number'>2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div><h2 class='av-milestone-date ' id='milestone-1834' ><strong>1834<span class='av-milestone-indicator'><\/span><\/strong><\/h2><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><!--close column table wrapper. Autoclose: 1 -->\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div><div id='av_section_6'  class='avia-section av-enxjg-caebe0240d72bcbd4bdc3bab4d8ecf95 alternate_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-35  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_section  avia-bg-style-scroll container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-4292'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div class='flex_column_table av-1gg4d0-aa48081a8e42837498f99aed498dff53 sc-av_one_half av-equal-height-column-flextable'>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1gg4d0-aa48081a8e42837498f99aed498dff53\">\n.flex_column.av-1gg4d0-aa48081a8e42837498f99aed498dff53{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-1gg4d0-aa48081a8e42837498f99aed498dff53 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-36  el_before_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-middle av-zero-column-padding  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-slax8-d29203b1ad296b64c5808c30f42245c4\">\n.avia-image-container.av-slax8-d29203b1ad296b64c5808c30f42245c4 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-slax8-d29203b1ad296b64c5808c30f42245c4 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-slax8-d29203b1ad296b64c5808c30f42245c4 av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-37  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-183 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-183 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/dr.neumann-peltier.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Funktion-Thermoelkrischer-Effekt-300x171.png\" alt='' title='Funktion Thermoelkrischer Effekt'  height=\"171\" width=\"300\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dr.neumann-peltier.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Funktion-Thermoelkrischer-Effekt-300x171.png 300w, https:\/\/dr.neumann-peltier.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Funktion-Thermoelkrischer-Effekt.png 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-jzwt0-51688c9ec3b749af97f88e863813bed4 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Peltier effect: Generation of a temperature difference by an electric current flow<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><div class='av-flex-placeholder'><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1gg4d0-206a9c4d10b16b053fb6cf65d74e6734\">\n.flex_column.av-1gg4d0-206a9c4d10b16b053fb6cf65d74e6734{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-1gg4d0-206a9c4d10b16b053fb6cf65d74e6734 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-39  el_after_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-last  flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-middle av-zero-column-padding  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-wzn0-73cb1bf9a4c30968aa5a104f80a3b4a6 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>In order to make the Peltier effect economically viable, two conventional metals are no longer used to build a Peltier element. The resulting temperature difference here is less than 1 K.<\/p>\n<p>Instead, one metal is replaced by an n-doped semiconductor (electrical conduction is done by negatively charged electrons) and the other by a p-doped semiconductor (electrical conduction is done by positively charged holes). A copper bridge connects the two semiconductor legs. If direct current is sent through the Peltier element in the direction shown, the copper bridge connecting the two elements cools down. The two connecting bridges, also made of copper, heat up. In other words, there is a constant heat transfer from the upper copper bridge to the lower copper bridges.<\/p>\n<p>In order to obtain Peltier blocks that are suitable for technical applications, the individual Peltier elements are joined together in a meandering pattern. The Peltier elements combined to a Peltier block are thus electrically connected in series and thermally connected in parallel. The Peltier blocks themselves can now be connected electrically in series or parallel if large cooling surfaces are required.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><!--close column table wrapper. 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